1. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh:<\/strong><\/p>\n Greenhouse l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau qu\u1ea3, hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ng\u1eafn ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. Tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eabu nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e1i che b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh, chung quanh b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng plastic trong nh\u01b0 k\u00ednh\u2026<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Canada, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean rau canh t\u00e1c trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi canh t\u00e1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng chung quanh. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u0103m 1981 tr\u00ean 106 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e0 chua v\u00e0 d\u01b0a chu\u1ed9t trong nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Canada, cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m 60-80% th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho phun thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n (whiteflies) ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecf (spider mites); s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean 23% v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m 38% chi ti\u00eau (Elliott, 1982; Linda A.Gilkeson, 1984).<\/p>\n Steiner v\u00e0 Elliotte (1983) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 7 b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ea3 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n 1. D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i;<\/p>\n 2. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng;<\/p>\n 3. Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y. H\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t l\u00e1 v\u1edbi k\u00ednh l\u00fap 10X (10-20 l\u00e1 trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng). C\u1ee9 3 h\u00e0ng th\u00ed l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu 1 h\u00e0ng (h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 3) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng;<\/p>\n 4. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch th\u1ea3 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a theo c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng c\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e2y trong nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0 t\u1eeb 2-4 l\u1ea7n trong su\u1ed1t v\u1ee5; m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 th\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch nhau 10-14 ng\u00e0y;<\/p>\n 5. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb kinh ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. (Trong n\u0103m 1983, m\u1ed7i n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Canada ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 3 USD cho 1m2 <\/sup>\u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c\/ n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean);<\/p>\n 6. D\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u an to\u00e0n cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i;<\/p>\n 7. Ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n phun x\u1ecbt thu\u1ed1c theo l\u1ecbch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. Vi\u1ec7c phun x\u1ecbt kh\u00f4ng theo l\u1ecbch s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Florida, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 kinh doanh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hoa v\u00e0 rau trong nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch \u0103n m\u1ed3i (predator), thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch k\u00fd sinh (parasitoid) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 v\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u (Hugh A.Smith, 2000).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc, t\u1eadp t\u00ednh sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. T\u1ea1i Florida, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 r\u1ea7y m\u1ec1m (aphids), b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n (whiteflies), nh\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf (spider mites), d\u00f2i d\u1ee5c l\u00e1 (leafminers), s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1ng tr\u00e1i c\u00e0 chua (tomato worm), b\u1ecd tr\u0129 (thrips)… (Hochmuth, 2010).<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t sinh h\u1ecdc trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1982, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 550 hecta nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0 chua v\u00e0 600 hecta tr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0a. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ty Koppert \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1ec7n b\u1eaft m\u1ed3i, ong k\u00fd sinh\u2026 cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ea3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ed3ng d\u01b0a chu\u1ed9t, \u1edbt ng\u1ecdt, c\u00e0 chua, d\u00e2u t\u00e2y, hoa h\u1ed3ng… mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao trong ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb nh\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecf, r\u1ec7p mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ecd ph\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m rau, qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hoa r\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n H\u00e0 Lan kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc (Gilkeson, 1984).<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kinh doanh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch trong nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1970, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ong k\u00fd sinh \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean t\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sau 3 n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do (gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u00e1o nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i trong khi thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xu th\u1ebf b\u1edfi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m…). Ch\u1ec9 5 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, khi m\u00e0 nh\u1ec7n \u0103n m\u1ed3i Phytoseiulus persimilis, <\/em>m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i nh\u1ec7n thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt (Takafuji v\u00e0 Amano, 2002).<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Green Spot (Nottingham), IPM Laboratories (Locke), Koppert Inc. (Romulus), Sygenta Bioline (Oxnard, California) BioBest Biological Systems… \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng (Raymond A.Cloyd, 2000).<\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cthu\u1ed1c sinh h\u1ecdc\u201d (bio-pesticides) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh doanh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(Ngu\u1ed3n: Yano, 2001<\/em> )<\/em><\/p>\n 2.1.4 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/strong><\/p>\n (Ngu\u1ed3n: Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 2010)<\/em><\/p>\n Trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecd ph\u1ea5n nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi (GHWF) (Trialeurodes vaporariorum<\/em> Westwood) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m trung gian truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh virus. GHWF g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a b\u1eafc M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 b\u1ecd ph\u1ea5n g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m rau v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 d\u00e2u t\u00e2y. B\u1ecd ph\u1ea5n g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u00fang c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh virus Begomovirus<\/em> (Geminiviridae) m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd ph\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Bemisia tabaci<\/em> (Gennadius). Ngo\u00e0i ra, B. tabaci<\/em> c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i virus kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 Carlavirus, Ipomovirus<\/em> (Potyviridae), and Crinivirus<\/em> (Closteroviridae) (William, 2004).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n trung gian truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh virus l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ong k\u00fd sinh thu\u1ed9c gi\u1ed1ng Encarsia<\/em> v\u00e0 Erectmocerus<\/em>. Trong \u0111\u00f3 Encarsia formosa<\/em> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n tr\u00ean c\u00e0 chua, d\u01b0a leo v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. (theo Hoddle v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1,1998)<\/p>\n 2. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong><\/p>\n 2.1 C\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam:<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (Ph\u00f2ng N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, S\u1edf N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, Chi c\u1ee5c B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh trong li\u00ean k\u1ebft rau an to\u00e0n, 2010) cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean rau bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n – S\u00e2u khoang ( Spodoptera litura)*<\/em><\/p>\n – S\u00e2u xanh b\u01b0\u1edbm tr\u1eafng ( Pieris rapae)<\/em><\/p>\n – S\u00e2u t\u01a1 ( Plutella xylostella)<\/em><\/p>\n – B\u1ecd nh\u1ea3y ( Phyllotreta <\/em>sp .)<\/em><\/p>\n – C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i r\u1ec7p c\u00e2y, r\u1ea7y m\u1ec1m, r\u1ec7p mu\u1ed9i ( Aphis <\/em>spp.) *<\/p>\n – Ru\u1ed3i d\u1ee5c l\u00e1 ( Liriomyza huidobrensis)*<\/em><\/p>\n – B\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n (Whiteflies) *<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i nh\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf (Mites) *<\/p>\n – B\u1ecd tr\u0129 (Thrips) *…<\/p>\n Rau trong nh\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i rau \u0103n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao, theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u00edt h\u01a1n (kho\u1ea3ng 5-6 lo\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu *) so v\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, tuy nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n Trong \u0111\u00f3, s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi thu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u0169a, cove, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i phun thu\u1ed1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong th\u1eddi gian cho tr\u00e1i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y, t\u1ea1o d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m cypermethrin kh\u00e1 cao trong \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed7 (CCBVTV, 2010).<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0S\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 <\/strong>c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec s\u00e2u \u0103n b\u00ean trong qu\u1ea3, l\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian cho tr\u00e1i n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1ea3y sinh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn s\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi thu\u1ed1c n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 h\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c l\u01b0u d\u1eabn th\u00ec l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0u t\u1ed3n thu\u1ed1c l\u00e2u, m\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u h\u1ea1i nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0: s\u00e2u \u0111o xanh (Anomis flava)<\/em>, s\u00e2u khoang (Spodoptera litura)<\/em>, s\u00e2u xanh (Heliothis armigera)<\/em>, s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eadu (Maruca testulalis)<\/em>, s\u00e2u xanh \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e9 (Plusia chalcites)<\/em>, s\u00e2u c\u1eafn gi\u00e9 (Leucania separata)<\/em>\u2026 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a BXBM (Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Th\u00e0nh, 1994).<\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0B\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n<\/strong> (whitefly)<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng do s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng cao v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u00e1p tr\u00ean v\u00e0 xung quanh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1m d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c. Virus c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n. B\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua 6 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00ednh t\u1eeb tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdt non v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e1. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdt non b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m vi khu\u1ea9n, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd bay \u0111i v\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebb. C\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00edch h\u00fat dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n B\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng ch\u00edch h\u00fat, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n lan truy\u1ec1n virus b\u1ec7nh xo\u0103n v\u00e0ng l\u00e1 c\u00e0 chua (Ng\u00f4 Th\u1ecb Xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n \u0110\u0129nh, 2005). Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 do b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ea5n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00ean thu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t cao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n N\u0103m \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd<\/strong><\/td>\n Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch<\/strong><\/td>\n C\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng h\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/td>\n C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 1996-2000<\/td>\n Encarsia formosa<\/em><\/td>\n Trialeurodes vaporariorum<\/em><\/td>\n C\u00e0 chua, d\u01b0a leo, d\u01b0a l\u01b0\u1edbi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 1996-1999<\/td>\n Phytoseiulus persimilis<\/em><\/td>\n Tetranychus <\/em>spp.<\/td>\n C\u00e0 t\u00edm, d\u00e2u t\u00e2y, d\u01b0a leo, nho<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 1998-2000<\/td>\n Aphidius colemani<\/em><\/td>\n R\u1ec7p c\u00e2y (r\u1ea7y m\u1ec1m) <\/em><\/td>\n D\u01b0a leo, d\u01b0a h\u1ea5u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 1998-2000<\/td>\n Aphidoletes aphidimyza<\/em><\/td>\n R\u1ec7p c\u00e2y (r\u1ea7y m\u1ec1m)<\/em><\/td>\n D\u00e2u t\u00e2y, d\u01b0a leo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 1996-1999<\/td>\n Amblyseius cucumeris<\/em><\/td>\n Thrips palmi<\/em><\/td>\n C\u00e0 t\u00edm, d\u01b0a leo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 1998-2001<\/td>\n Orius <\/em>sp.<\/td>\n Thrips palmi<\/em><\/td>\n C\u00e0 t\u00edm, \u1edbt ng\u1ecdt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 2001<\/td>\n Encarsia formosa<\/em><\/td>\n Trialeurodes vaporariorum<\/em><\/td>\n C\u00e0 chua<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n ![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ahrd.com.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/bangchitiet.jpg\")
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